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Subarctic

Cree Indians

Hunters and gatherers, great resources )lots of fish and animals to hunt)

Living- wigwams covered in bark.

Didn't cause many problems with others

Groups called "bands" 50-300 people in each band

Religious- shamans, look at the notes from last class, would heal people, same things as the Eskimo shamans. Vision quest- guides a young man's life (young man go into a secluded area deprive yourself of food and water, then they have a vision, go back tell an elder and they interpret it. Will guide you to an occupation and what not; can also get visions in sleep or dreams, but the other way is most common- men about 13 or 14 first vision quest)

Scapulamansky- take the scapula of an animal, dry it out. The bone cracks and then the shaman's would interpret the crack, the shaman with find a geographical scene to locate the animals.

Labor- women cooked make clothing, took care of animals; men constructed and hunted

They were successful people

The cree and ojibiwa use windigo-psychosis; the monster, thought the monster game from a person who ate human skin; people were thought to have the monster if they are depression, nautia, distaste of food, semi-stuper (thoughts of cannibalism, might try to bite people, or this person might be into witchcraft, or want to commit suicide) get rid of the monster by having the person eat grease.

Dogrib Indians

Hunters and gatherers

1864- 788 population

1913- 700 population

1970- 1700

1990s- 3000

speak English and own language

started working with the Hudson bay company- important for their trade (for most subarctic Indians)

Hudson Bay Company- done a lot of the Indians, most people are fair and give them good deal, help scientists, they keep great records, take notes about every deal. Still survive today but not the same thing

1921- limited contact with western world except for hudson bay co, preists came to them, they gave up some land

if anyone commits a crime they go to the city of Yellowknife and the Canadian gov helps them take care of it

lived in caraboo skin teepees, not live in log houses, grown rapidly

made burch bark canoes- fishing common

Caraboo and Moose are killed and small game (rabbit) common aswell

Men hunted women did their own thing, now they do more commercial things.

Oral tradition- until Europeans came along, there was not land ownership

Marriage- no ceremony, lived together; no divorce after the catholic church came in. were ok with extra-marital relationships

Had to class system- they only knew "who the best was" at hunting tying knots etc.

1971- Canadian government made them select a chief, first time they ever had one

1969- Indian brotherhood of the northwest territory (formed this) then later replaced by the NA Nation

had so supreme being until the catholic church came in- the catholic church changed a lot of things about them

ethos- hard work and be ready for anything that may happen

had medicines that the shamans used, but now they are using normal medical things and doctors

dance and decorative clothing were both very important to them

they are now dealing with crimes with alcohol, and they are trying to preserve their own culture

origin myth- a woman has a dog husband and her brothers are mad about this so they kill him, she then goes into the woods and has six of his puppies, they are shape shifters and can turn from human to dogs, she thought this was bad so she killed 3 of them, but two males and one female survives, for the group

Beothuk Indians

Not another anymore, located in Newfoundland for 1000 years

500-2000 population

originally called the red Indians or redskins,

beotuken is their language, nothing around them has the same type of language

think that their first European contact was in 1000 AD by Vikings since its known that the Vikings did land in this area

1527 and 1523 and 1534 they were noted by different people, they wanted to have no contact

1829- the last beotuk died, so we don't know much about them

buried their death but don't know about their religion, thought they might have thought of an afterlife since they were buried and buried with nice things with them

lived in multi-sided wigwams over pits, lived on the coast

hunted marine animals and had to switch over land animals when the Europeans chased them inland

Two foods associated with the subarctic

Bannock bread- flour lard sugar and baking powder made from this

Pemmican- dried powdered fish or meat, mixed with bear or moose fat, add berries to it, it lasts a long time and can carry it.

NorthEast Culture Area

European Contact

Estimated that 1 million Indians just before first contact

Henry Dobyns- did ecological studies of the presence of human kind in north America, he estimated it on the ecology of the reagion (hunting and gathering or farming) he said 9 million; He later claimed he was wring in his book and said he thought it was 18 million.

Europeans took control of these regions because they brought in diseases such as smallpox and huge numbers of people died

Measles and influenza also killed many many people

Dobyns thinks that ¾ of the Indian population died during 1520-1524; many died before they even saw a European because the disease spread so quickly

Effects of epidemic: look on handout

Northeast

Farming

New World Crop Trilogy- Maize (corn), Beans, Squash *know this

People of this region farm and hunt and gather, collect a lot of plant food

Iroquois

Go across the state of new york

League Members (Iroquios)- most powerful league in this regions

They also collected maple syrup,

Lived in villages 300-600 people, lived in long houses (50-130 ft long, 16 ft wide) wood frame with bark)

League Founders: Hiawatha and Deganawidah (1200s)

They realized that they needed a representative government. Needed 50 Sachems (political figures) each came from a matrilineal lineage (what these tribes were, could be tracked back hundreds of years)

League Tenants:

Peace

Brotherhod

Unity

Natural Rights of All People

Sharing of Resources

Sharing Power

Methods to Remove, impeachment

Religion:

Cosmology: Sky World, Earth, Underworld

Economic System:

Sub…. - maize, Beans, Squash and Trading

Social Organization:

Kinship- Clan and Lineage, matrilineal

Origin Myth (woman who fell from the sky- woman living in the sky above the earth, married to an old powerful man, she gets preggers, he thinks she's cheating on him, he grabs the tree of life, throws it and puts a whole to the earth, he throws her through the hole (the earth is flooded at this time) the ducks see her falling and grab her a bring her down to the water. She was floating on their backs, so they have an animal meeting and need earth. Grab some earth and put it on the turtles back. The woman and the animals now have a place to live, she has a daughter and the daughter then becomes pregnant (not sure how) she gives birth to two boys (sapling- natural baby born; Flint- other boy's names was born from her armpit. The daughter dies and the grandmother cuts her head off throws it and it becomes the sun. grandmother raises the boys, sapling was good and flint was bad. Flint driven to the underworld and sapling went to the heavens.

European Contact: Dutch Swedish and British

French helped their enemies

Competition for fur trade. The british and French wanted furs.

Handsome Lake- born to wolf clan and raised by turtle clan; he had visions; went to his half brother "corn planter", handsome lake went into a 7 hour trance and felt that they needed a new religion (Iroquois) and he came back with messages from corn planters dead daughter (things that he and his daughter only knew) he also brought back info from dead

New religion- acceptance of white ways except schools (only a few children should be educated from white schools so we only know how it works) kill all witches, believe in heaven and hell, stop gossiping--- this all came when they needed change (alcohol issues)

1949- handsome lake religion had gotten so many tenants that it took 4 days to read them all. He became obsessed with witchcraft and wanted others to kill them. He was the founder but not the guiding light anymore

19^th cent- Iroquois became apart of the river system and shipping goods; the shipping business died out when roads were being built and more land travel was used-Mohawks were more involved in land transportation (a railway bridge went through their land, and ask for money, and they gave them jobs)

Kickapoo Indians

Part of the great lakes Indians

Had to relocate many times- called "the people that moved around a lot"

Activities in the fur trade and always at war with the French over it

Kinship- clans

Life cycle system- save umbilical cord for 30 days; mother/father choose name (need to have a dream or vision to get the name) child taken out side immediately after birth to tough trees and watch, mother teach girls and father teach boys, children have to fast if they misbehave. Puberty- girls in a menstrual hut when they start their period. Marriage- nocturnal visits and then get married. Death- all night ceremony. Also practice adoption (try to find a replacement for the person who died, try to find same age and sex)

Black/White system- if a father is white then the son will be black, then his son will be black and they switch off- called "sodality" a non-kinship based kin group, blacks and whites will comete in games and what not.

Political organization- don't know much, in Oklahoma and texas they had travel chiefs

Religion- spirit beings and shamans, also had "manitous" (spirit beings there to help out individuals and keep things stable); great man was the creator; spirits of sun moon wind earth sky; thunder and tobacco was important; used to use vision quests

Public rituals- different seasons

American revolution- neutral, then sided with Americans until they took their land and switched to british (flip flopped)

1811- both bands signed treaties exchanging lands

kenakuk- leader; 1834 leading people, medicine man, didn't want his people to be removed from the area and thought it was good farm land, he had a vision saying that his people needed to mediate, stop criminal activity and stop alcohol and use wooden prayer sticks; 1833- they had to move to Missouri; he told he people he would die and return from the dead in 3 days. He never rose from the dead (smallpox) then he killed many by given them smallpox by mistake

move around a lot- forced to; found peace in mexico,

Fox Indians (Mesquakie Indians)

Translate to "people of the red earth"

2500 people-in 1650

1600-19^th cent

1967-400

1955- 653

had trouble with the French and were attacked, they distoryed a lot of their land and crop

1832- give up their land in iowa and move to Kansas; sauk Indians had to move with them to a reservation, they didn't get a long. They tried to move back to iowa and tried to buy land

lived in small long hours Tama, Iowa (town of today- they still live in long houses)

sold animal furs and traded with Europeans

had to marry outside of clan

had vision quests to lead the group

5-30 member of a clan- basically extended family (would hunt together)

political system- tribal leader, kept traditional culture, passed on inheritance.

Had the black/white tradition

Had peace and war chiefs, now they have elected officials

Had tribal police- they will destroy your house if you act up