sakit gilaDisorder reported in Malaysia, similar to schizophrenia but different in important ways that may illuminate details of both disorders.abnormal behaviorActions that are unexpected and often evaluated negatively because they differ from typical or usual behavior.acute onsetSudden beginning of a disease or disorder (contrast with acute onset).asylumSafe refuge; specifically, an institution to house mentally disordered people.behavior therapyArray of therapy methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science, as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change.behavioral modelExplanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.behaviorismExplanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.biological modelExplanation of psychological dysfunction that primarily emphasizes brain disorder or illness as the cause.borderline personality disorderCluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and control over impulses.matic, emotional, or erratic)castration anxietyIn psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers.catharsisRapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy.chemical imbalanceRelative excess or deficit in brain chemicals, such as neurotransmitters, that may be implicated in some psychological disorders.classical conditioningFundamental learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov. An event that automatically elicits a response is paired with another stimulus event that does not (a neutral stimulus). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that by itself can elicit the desired response.clinical descriptionDetails of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder.clinical psychologistPerson who has earned a Ph.D. or related degree (for example, Psy.D.) in psychology and is trained to conduct research into the causes and treatment of severe psychological disorders, as well as to diagnose, assess, and treat them.collective unconsciousAccumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations, a psychodynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung.conditioned response (CR)Learned reaction, similar to the unconditioned response, elicited by a conditioned stimulus following classical conditioning.conditioned stimulus (CS)Environmental event that acquires the ability to elicit a learned response as a result of classical conditioning associated with an unconditioned stimulus.conditioningProcess by which behaviors can be learned or modified through interaction with the environment. See classical conditioning and operant conditioning.coping stylesSee defense mechanisms.counseling psychologistPerson who has earned a Ph.D. or related degree in psychology and is trained to study and treat adjustment and vocational issues in relatively healthy people.countertransferencePsychoanalytic concept involving personal issues the therapist brings to professional relationships with clients.coursePattern of development and change of a disorder over time.defense mechanismsCommon patterns of behavior, often adaptive coping styles when they occur in moderation, observed in response to particular situations. In psychoanalysis, these are thought to beunconscious processes originating in the ego.developmental psychologyStudy of changes in behavior that occur over time.developmental psychopathologyStudy of changes in abnormal behavior that occur over time.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)Current version of the official classification system for psychological disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association.displacementDefense mechanism in which a person directs a problem impulse toward a safe substitute.dream analysisPsychoanalytic therapy method in which dream contents are examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts.egoIn psychoanalysis, the psychical entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives.ego psychologyDerived from psychoanalysis, this theory emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. Also known as self-psychology.Electra complexIn psychoanalysis, a young girl''s intrapsychic desire to replace her mother, possess her father, and acquire a penis. The resolution of this complex results in development of thesuperego.emotion contagionSituation in which an emotional reaction spreads from one individual to others nearby.empathyCondition of sharing and understanding the emotions of another person.episodic coursePattern of a disorder alternating between recovery and recurrence.exorcismReligious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the individual by driving the demons from the body.extinctionLearning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed; also the procedure of removing that reinforcement or pairing.fixationIn psychoanalysis, stopping or concentrating at a psychosexual stage because of a lack of appropriate gratification at that stage.free associationPsychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. The patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring.hierarchy of needsRanking of human necessities from basic food to self-actualization, proposed by Abraham Maslow.humoral theoryAncient belief that psychological disorders were caused by imbalances in bodily humors or fluids.humorsBodily fluids (blood, black and yellow bile, and phlegm) that early theorists believed controlled normal and abnormal functioning.idIn psychoanalysis, the unconscious psychical entity present at birth representing basic drives.incidenceNumber of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period (compare with prevalence).inferiority complexFeeling of being inferior to others while striving for superiority.insanityLegal rather than psychological or medical concept involving both a psychological disorder and an inability to know or appreciate the wrongfulness of criminal acts.insidious onsetDevelopment of a disorder that occurs gradually over an extended period (contrast with acute onset).insightIn psychoanalysis, recognition of the causes of emotional distress.insulin shock therapyDangerous biological treatment involving the administration of large doses of insulin to induce seizures.intrapsychic conflictsIn psychoanalysis, the struggles among the id, ego, and superego.introjectionIn object relations theory, the process of incorporating memories and values of individuals who are important and close to the person.introspectionEarly, nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked.introversionTendency to be shy and withdrawn.law of effectEdward L. Thorndike''s principle that behaviors are strengthened or weakened by the environmental events that follow them.libidoIn psychoanalysis, the energy within the id that drives people toward life and fulfillment.life-span developmental psychopathologyStudy of psychological disorders over the entire age range.mass hysteriaPhenomenon in which people in groups share the same fear, delusion, abnormal behavior, or even physical symptoms as a result of psychological processes and suggestion.mental disorderSee psychological disorder.mental hygiene movementMid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment.moral therapyPsychosocial approach in the 19th century that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments.neurosisObsolete psychodynamic term for psychological disorder thought to result from unconscious conflicts and the anxiety they cause. Plural is neuroses.object relationsModern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them.Oedipus complexIn psychoanalysis, the intrapsychic struggle within a young boy between his lust for his mother and his fear of castration because of it. The resolution of this complex results in development of the superego.operant conditioningFundamental behavioral learning process in which responses are modified by their consequences (reinforcers, punishers, extinction, and so on).person-centered therapyTherapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility.personality traitEnduring tendency to behave in particular predisposed ways across situations.phobiaPsychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation.pleasure principleTendency to seek pleasure and minimize discomfort.presenting problemOriginal complaint reported by the client to the therapist. The actual treated problem may sometimes be a modification derived from the presenting problem.prevalenceNumber of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time (compare with incidence).primary processIn psychodynamic theory, the id''s characteristic mode of thinking, which is emotional, irrational, and preoccupied with sex, aggression, and envy.prognosisPredicted future development of a disorder over time.psychiatric nursePerson with nursing training who specializes in care and treatment of psychiatric patients, usually in a hospital setting.psychiatric social workerPerson who has earned a master of social work (M.S.W.) degree or, occasionally, a doctor of social work (D.S.W.) degree and is trained to work with social agencies to help psychologically disordered clients and their families.psychiatristPerson who has earned an M.D. degree and then has specialized in psychiatry during residency training. Such a person is trained to investigate primarily the biological nature and causes of psychiatric disorders and to diagnose and treat them.psychoanalysisPsychoanalytic assessment and therapy, which emphasizes exploration of, and insight into, unconscious processes and conflicts, pioneered by Sigmund Freud.psychoanalystTherapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning either an M.D. or a Ph.D. degree and receiving additional specialized postdoctoral training.psychoanalytic modelComplex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces.psychodynamic psychotherapyContemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems.psychological disorderPsychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response.psychological modelExplanation of human behavior and its dysfunction that emphasizes the influence of the social environment and early experience.psychopathologyScientific study of psychological disorders.psychosexual stages of developmentIn psychoanalysis, the sequence of phases a person passes through during development. Each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at that time.psychosisGroup of severe psychological disorders, including schizophrenia, featuring delusions and hallucinations.psychosocial treatmentTreatment practices that focus on social and cultural factors (such as family experience), as well as psychological influences. These approaches include cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods.rauwolfia serpentinaMore commonly known as reserpine, an early medication derived from the snakeroot plant that helps control the agitation and aggressiveness of some psychotic patients.reality principleIn psychodynamic theory, the logical reasoning style of the ego that ensures actions are practical and realistic.reinforcementIn operant conditioning, consequences for behavior that strengthen it or increase its frequency. Positive reinforcement involves the contingent delivery of a desired consequence. Negative reinforcement is the contingent escape from an aversive consequence. Unwanted behaviors may result from their reinforcement or the failure to reinforce desired behaviors.repressionIn psychoanalytic theory, a process that forces unwanted material from the conscious to the unconscious.reserpineSee rauwolfia serpentina.Saint Vitus''s DanceInstance of mass hysteria in which groups of people experienced a simultaneous compulsion to dance and shout in the streets. Also known as tarantism.schedules of reinforcementIn operant conditioning, the pattern of consequences following a behavior based on the number of responses emitted or the time intervals between them.scientist-practitionersMental health professionals who are expected to apply scientific methods to their work. They must keep current in the latest research on diagnosis and treatment, they must evaluate their own methods for effectiveness, and they may generate their own research to discover new knowledge of disorders and their treatment.self-actualizingProcess emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences.self-psychologySee ego psychology.sex ratioPercentage of men and women with a disorder.shapingIn operant conditioning, the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response. Both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner.statisticsBranch of mathematics concerned with gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data from research.sublimationPsychodynamic defense mechanism in which the person redirects energy from conflict and anxiety into more constructive outlets, such as work.superegoIn psychoanalysis, the psychical entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society.supernatural modelExplanation of human behavior and its dysfunction that posits important roles for spirits, demons, grace, sin, and so on.symptom substitutionPsychodynamic assertion that if overt problem behavior (the symptom) is treated without eliminating the underlying conflict thought to be causing it, that conflict will reemerge in the form of new, perhaps worse, symptoms.systematic desensitizationBehavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation.tarantismSee Saint Vitus''s Dance.thanatosFreudian concept of a human drive toward death and destruction.time-limited courseCondition in which a disorder improves on its own in a relatively brief period.transferencePsychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents.unconditional positive regardAcceptance by the counselor of the client''s feelings and actions without judgment or condemnation.unconditioned response (UCR)In classical conditioning, the natural or unlearned reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.unconditioned stimulus (UCS)Environmental event that would elicit a response in almost anyone and requires no learning. In classical conditioning, it is paired with a neutral stimulus that, after training, may become a conditioned stimulus.unconsciousPart of the psychic makeup that is outside the awareness of the person.