Southwest
Pueblo World
Navajo/ Apache
Riverine People
North Mexico
Mojave
Riverine People-
Mojave:
- 1970- about 2000 living long colorado river- on both sides
- consider homeland and place of origin- mohave valley
- climate: mild winters, hot summers, low precip (river very important)
- 1965- 1500 individuals, 1980- 2000, increased from there (on the rise)
- Yuman language
- ancestors came from mojave desert
- first contact with spanish 1604
- pretty much left alone until 1820s - contact from trappers and traiders- more introduction of disease and exploitation of resources
- 1858- attacked wagon train
- 1859- federal troops sent in to put down uprising
- 1867- indian reservations established for mojave
- live in houses along river- built on raised areas
- winter- semi subterranean structure with logs and sand
- subsistence: maize, beans, squash, pumpkins, melons; fish; deer, rabbits, and other small game; gathered also
- today: irrigation farming
- baskets, woven scoops, coil pottery
- reed raft- to go across river (went down river by foot)
- trade network into southern california
- division of labor: men cleared land, women harvested, both planted; men hunted and fished- worked skins, made tools, weapons, and houses; women- gathered foods, tended to children, made baskets
- patrilineal
- patrilineal exogamous clans
- no formal marriage ceremony
- practiced some polygyny- monogamy generally a role
- matrilocal or patrilocal - bilocal
- simple divorce- just move apart
- nuclear family in household (some extensions: possibly with elderly parents or widowed sister)
- personal property buried with children
- child rearing: indulgent, practiced isolation during first female menstruation, sexual freedom
- significance in dreams
- political organization: none beyond band level- head man- usually inherited patrilinealy- but not always
- shamans- dreams, cure illnesses
- shaman makes too many mistakes: declared a witch and killed
- believed in supreme creator being - not very involved after- non deity
- DREAMS- source of knowledge, dream skills they will possess, dream success, can tell future, direction in life, great dreams- source of power and particular knowledge- get them in the womb and then dream comes again after they have been born, directional dreams
- arts: tattoo (both sexes), elaborate face painting, some decoration of pottery
- death: people buried, shamans cremated; persons ghost/ spirit being hangs around for about 4 days and then goes to lad of dead
- Alyah and Hwame: Alyah- man who feel he should have been born a woman and assumes female role- courted differently than a regular female- in a much less refined pattern- will fake pregnancy- claim to have miscarriage after going to the bush to give birth; hwame is a women who believes she should have been born a man and assumes male role- will court a woman to be her/his wife, when wife becomes pregnant hwame is father, often have very strong abilities as shamans- get reimbursed and can support family very well
- ^usually prompted by dreams
Maricopa:
- south cetral arizona area, along colorado river
- in traditional days were at war most of the time and claimed they did not want to be at war- were constantly attacked
- no special war honors (indicates they probably did not want to be involved in war)
- two modes of warfare: 1. colorado river custom - line of bowmen (archers) in back and line of men in from with pike/ clubs and shields, shout insults at each other until they start fighting, point men have no retreat or shield (completely painted black- one on each side), when they begin to retreat archers start; 2. sneak attack- coming in quietly with bowmen and club men, raid at night or certain times of the year
- no regular battle dress or markings- except point men
North Mexico:
hunter-gatherers and farming
Huichol:
- western mexico
- today: 2000 over age of 5
- 1524- first euro contact
- spanish introduced missionaries- allowed to build churches but would not ever go
- not many anthro studies until 1960s and 70s
- became very involved in rituals with PEYOTE- cactus without thorns, grown in dry areas, button on top of cactus that is dried and used in rituals, associated today with Native American church, only legal in US to be used by american indians, grown in northern mexico into texas panhandle into new mexico, has been used in many rituals for healing, used north of mexico 1880s on, has ability to make individuals much more aware of color and sound etc.. ,
- yearly pilgramage to collect peyote
- peyote ritual: 4 leaders, males and females, 7-8 pm- through the night and into the late morning; usually someone with favored status requests ritual, ritual items- peyote cane / staff, eagle feather peyote fans, bundle of sage, eagle bone whistles, tobacco, drum, chief peyote- put in middle of crescent raised area, starts with pledges chatting singing, goes to midnight- water break, morning- (5-6) water ceremony, large peyote breakfast - including those in the ritual and those waiting outside of it, world renewal ritual
Texas:
Indians came in from many different directions
Karankawa:
- texas- gulf coast
- composed of about 15 small groups
- all spoke common language and had similar culture
- galvestone to corpus christie
- Karankawa- dog lovers or dog raisers
- live on and off shore islands
- 3 subsistence areas- lagoon and gulf foods (oysters, clams, scallops, turtles, fish, etc..), land animals- bison, bear, etc.., land plants- berries, nuts, seeds, etc..
- used two modes of transportations: walked or used dugout canoes
- lived in widdle pole framed houses covered in skins- wigwams
- body decoration- paint and tattoos, pierced nipples, lower lip plugs
- kept away mosquitoes with dirt and alligator or shark grease
- social organization: small band and nuclear families
- child nursed until about 12
- children had secret names for magical meanings and public names
- men arranged marriages with girls parents
- monogamy- but some polygyny with shamans
- patrilocal
- boys and young men mourn for a year when died, older were felt it was their time
- shamans cremated and after a year ashes were mixed with water and consumed to keep them with them
- shamans- curing
- some spanish contact- late 16th and early 17th century
Today in indian world:
- gaming
- tourism
- arts and crafts
- resources on land
- many moving into urban areas
