Southwest
Western Pueblo
Zuni
- Unique language group
- early contact - coronado
- noted for being very calm, collected, and following the Zuni way- "don't rock the boat"
- population decrease because of disease
- matrilineal inheritance pattern
- gifts exchanged at time of marriage
- authority figure in family- mother's brother
- social, religious, political system- very intertwined
- head bow priest- always politically very powerful- appointed as governor when spanish made them
- bow priest dealt with social control
- popular social control methods: gossip and ridicule, rarely was physical force used
- did not tolerate witches- tried witches (and executed)
- 1925- last witch execution
- forced by BIA to form constitution in 1970, tribal gov. with elected officers
- BAE sent out scientists to study Zuni turn of 19th- 20th century
- **studied by Matilda Cox Stevenson (with James Stevenson)- very much involved in study of women and children of Zuni; very prominent in the development of women in anthropology- Women's Anthropological Society of Washington
- Frank Hamilton Cushing- studied the Zuni with the Stevensons; born in july 22, 1857- april 10, 1900; had very early interest in American Indians- published first scientific paper at 17; appointed curator of ethnology at National Museum at 20; was not successful at first with Zuni- but then did very good work with them- became well accepted; "Cushing went Zuni"- dressed Zuni, went on raids with them, fought beside them, became bow priest among Zuni, recieved Zuni name- Medicine Flower, fought for Zuni land rights- made a lot of political enemies- was prevented from going back and studying Zuni
Hopi
- Black Mesa- North eastern Arizona
- on and off relations with Zuni (good and bad)
- contact with coronado
- 1629- spanish established 3 missions in Hopi area- were destroyed in pueblo revolt of 1680
- later 19th century- split developed among hopis- hostels and friendlies
- Hano- Tiwa indian group- settled with Hopi
- Maize Beans and Squash
- grew cotton- made into clothing- may have developed colored cotton (green or blue)
- men worked with cotton, women pottery
- practiced hunting and gathering
- today many are involved in wage labor
- commercial cattle ranching
- pension and welfare
- commercial craft production- pottery, hopi cochinas, baskets
- tourism
- men made textiles
- land tenure- belonged to clan- matrilineal control
- exogamous
- ranking of clans
- leaders- can elder and clan mother- controlled male/ female ceremonies and activities of clan
- in last 50 years- clan power has declined
- marriage- monogamous- married even into after life- could (in theory) pick own spouse (however parents certainly had influence)
- gift exchanged at marriage
- small amount of bride service
- some out marriage
- matrilocal and some neolocal today
- sexual fidelity expected (ideal)
- youngest daughter got parents house- her responsibility to take care of parents in old age
- socialization: 1880s-1920s forced into socialization with western world
- social political org: federation of plans, ranking
- women equal to men
- before 19th century villages were autonomous and gov was carried on by council of elders and chief
- men belong to kiva organizations
- women ad indirect role in gov. to husbands and brothers
- social control: traditionally: gossip, teasing, mocking by ceremonial clowns, being labeled a witch
