Kiowa Apache

Southern Great Plains near the southwest area

Kinship system similar to 2 apache groups

very similar in linguistics

folklore evidence

death rights

fear of ghosts

have vision quests involving isolation and fasting

emphasis on dreams

Death:

great fear of ghosts, ghosts get lonely and try to take them with them to the land of the dead, ghosts come when one dies, elaborate rituals to protect from ghosts

immediate and violent reaction to death- kin and non kin- yell, scream, lacerate bodies- typically finger joints, wail, tear off clothes, shave heads

women supposed to show more grief than men, male supposed to show grief, spouse is meant to show most grief, women have long period of mourning requirement- kinsmen dress widow in smoke darkened clothing - wears as long as they say she should (typically a year)

deceased body is very dangerous because of the ghost of the dead body and those of the spirit world, must keep away from the head, individual buried if they died during the day, and bury the next day when the sun comes up- never bury at night- bury as quickly as possible, do not take deceases body out of lodge through the door- do not want spirit to know where the door is

was body in suds from cactus and comb individuals hair, dress in nicest clothing, paint face with red or yellow oker

cover area with brush to prevent consumption of body by wolves, foxes

male warrior will have prize horse sacrificed over grave

property of individual (if not already buried with them) will be burned

either burn or ritually cleanse lodge depending on its importance to group

clothes put in river to float down

men's horses not killed at time of death are given to brother and only used in battle

burial party- wash selves carefully and cleanse self with burned sage, cedar and medicine root, rub bodies with sage, and put cross of ashes on forehead to keep dead spirits away

- if an individual has cut self they do not wash in water- use fatty substance to seal cut then do cleaning starting with smoke

never say persons name again, and do not use kin term for that person- use a different similar kin term

if kin do not mourn long enough, ghosts will come back to see why

once a woman has gone through mourning period, she is given permission to change from clothes and is eligible to remarry- must marry a man within husbands kinship group and must get permission to marry someone outside of it

entire community moves after an individual dies, with close kin just outside of new village

animals associated with death- caused by crow > crow/ bald eagle death origin myth (stone dropped in the lake)

(in other american indian cultures the owl is associate with death)

shamans can protect individuals from ghost control and can cure ghost sickness

shamans also known to call upon ghosts to harm people they are not happy with

very bad to have dreams about a dead person

*in other terms very similar to KIOWA

physiographic provinces: Rocky mountain provinces (rio grande river down center, jemez, tusas, sangre de cristo), great plains (grazing animals- buffalo), basin and range region (southern new mexico, southern arizona, north mexico), colorado plateau (roughly state of colorado, southwestern pueblo cultures, chaco cannon, mesa verde), sierra madre occidental (basin range of northern mexico and into mexico- meso american culture area)

Rio Grande river very important

explored all 5 physiographic regions

Rio Grande, Colorado, Gila/ Salt

Anasazi (north), Mogollon (southest area), Hohokam (Southwest arizona/ north mexico)

Peoples of Area:

Eastern Pueblos: (Taos to Isleta)

Western Pueblos: (Zuni and Hopi)

Colorado River People:

Gila River People: (Pima and Papago)

North Mexico:

Dene/ Athapascan: (Navajo/ Apache)

Anasazi:

mesa verde one of main sites, southwest colorado, chaco cannon

kiva- ceremonial structure, subterranean

spanish- first contact, came out of mexico

came into area looking for 7 cities of cibola - supposed home to riches

father Marcus de Niza saw first pueblo (Zuni Pueblo)- decided he needed to find out what this Zuni Pueblo had the offer- sent Esteban to investigate, did not behave properly and was killed- saw what happened, put a cross in and declared land in name of crown and went back to mexico- he told of riches and gov. sent exploration in next year- Coronado with 300 men, animals, mexican mercenaries -- resistance and killing-

Pedro de Tovar- sent to investigate Hopi - and came back with report- no gold and silver there-

went to Cibuge to investigate the city- found no gold and decided to settle there as winter was setting in, forced indians to feed them and provide with lodging, molested women, men were killed when they fought against spanish, while there heard about Quivera (where the streams were rich in gold)- went into plains and never found it

had to go back to spain where charges were brought against him for abuse of indians

1581- more spanish expeditions (minor)

1598- Juan de Onate came up with soldiers, priests, and settlers- settle and develop community

reached Santo Damingo Pueblo

missionary settlement expedition

called together leaders of pueblos and explained to them they were now under the role of spanish government and the region had been declared that of the king of spain's

placed priest with each of the pueblos

Onate, priests, entourage begin demanding food, land and labor from pueblos

Onate sent nephew to Acoma pueblo (where the sky city is, western new mexico)- was killed by indians in reaction to his brutish behavior, spanish reacted with great deal of force, cut right foot off of children and men

decline in population: diseases (got there before spanish)

1680- things very bad in area, many spanish settled in, drought had cost pueblo a lot of food,

Pueblo revolt of 1680- attributed to Popè-- decided they wanted spanish out of there, got representatives of different groups together to plan revolt- final planning done with Taos Pueblo (north - less spanish)

use psychological warfare- spread rumor that city of sante fe had fallen and was in indian hands (in south), spread rumor in north that south had fallen and was in indian hands - disturbed settlers

put out message that we will allow you to get out of here to the south- gave ultimatum die or leave- of 33 priests 21 decided to stay and were killed, 400 settles stayed and were killed- other fled to Sante Fe- in august when supply train was supposed to come (meant people were running short on supplies) - people surrounded and held in sante fe- built dam across stream- main source of water-- finally spanish agreed to move south (with escorts)

all pueblos acted at same time

some isleta settled in south- el paso (became ysleta)- considered traitors (went down because they were cowards-though they claim it was to make sure the spanish got down there)

baptized individuals were de-baptized, burned church related things, went back to normal

spanish began to creep back in- but were much kinder and gentler

PUEBLO: