Psychological Anthropology Review
Culture: the integrating system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristics of member of a society, not biologically inherited, culture is learned
Anthropology
Physical- Biological
Primate ecology
Human osteology
Human growth
Archeology
Linguistics
Ethnology (cultural)
All cultures change
Field work: Before going in
Learn about past fieldwork or from government, missionaries
Geography and ecology of the area
Geo- political history
Physical anthropolgly and linguistics of area
Any literature
Make sure you're in good health
Go with theories to test
Don't go with preconceived ideas
Once you're there . . .
Live as closely with the people- kitchen table ethnologist
Record everything
Make sure people don't mind being photographed
So you don't get lonely- work hard/keep busy
Male/female team
Take a kid along
Get a different view of culture
People trust you
Get several key informant within society
Well received in society
Reward them
More than one
Check info, re-ask questions
Seasonal round- a year
Upon Return
Never publish something that will harm society
Arrange for archive to receive your information
Kinship stuff
Bride Price-
Gypsies or travelers
People that don't want to be inside
Try to stay outside main society
8-10 million people
Peripatees- people that don't want to be in
Romani- religion
Play music, enterrain
Bread winner- mother fortune teller
Opposed to pollution
Have been forced to settlements
Government has taken their children for adoption
Suffered a lot during WWII, 5-600,000 killed
Clean linens and purity
2 different wash bins, 2 soaps/ below waist/ above
Endogeounous- marry someone inside group
Don't allow gossip
Generally follow laws, jail isn't pure enough
Fear of ghosts and spririts
Evil eye curse
40 different countries
Humor and joking
Humor can reduce aggression, functions as disguising aggression,
Releasing hostility
Kinds: sports, ethnic, political, redneck, lawyer,
Amish People
Pacifism
Separation from the world
Adult baptism
Disciplined community
Emphasize simple living
Speak German-dutch
Learn English in school- for outsiders
Community life
Farmers by heart
Try not to be slaves to technology
Don't attend school past 8th grade
Teach kids to enjoy work
Major concerns in life- weather and crops
Baptized as an adult you form one body with community- lose individuality
Don't have churches, use caves forests or rotate house
First Amish spread in Ohio- none in Europe
25% leave the community during runamuffins
Shunning- punishment where everyone ignores you
Foot washing- communion
Simplicity in dress and grooming styles
Disliked in Europe because of religion and they could outproduce in farms
Life-Cycle
Birth: home, midwifery
Catnip tea for relaxation
Do not have medical insurance
Community will pay your bills
Hard for women to get away from the house
Midwives may have birthing houses- docs on call
Childhood
Girls- little dishwashers
Boys- little wood chopper
Adolecensce - rumspringa
Time to explore
Wear different types of clothing
Adult baptism
Have too much fun in jail
Marriage
Tu or Th are best days
Monday weddings do not last
Death- know they're going to heaven
Horse drawn herses
Women in one room men in the other
No suicide-just 1%
Cults and Terrorism
The People's Temple
Active in the late 20th century
Jim Jones
Spent time with the KKK
Had kids up to his attic
Expelled from school
Dynamic
Animal protection group
1956- the Rainbow family
Composed of children of all races
1963- followers started
1964- Rainbow coalition idea- atheist/socialist
1970s- got humanist of the year, bad press people that left told about his unethical ways
Moved to South America- Jones Town
Got hooked on drugs
Sex acts in front of congregation
Sat in throne, played sermons on loudspeaker, day and night
1978- killed 2 NBC news staff
909 people died from kool-aid mixed with cianyde
If you didn't drink it you were shot
The Branch Dividians- Victor T Hoteff
Waco- Mt Carmel Center
Wait for second coming of Christ
Pacifist in nature
1955- Hoteff dies Lois takes over
1965- Ben Rodden brings his followers to Mt Carmel
The sixth angel was Lois Rodden
Vernon Howell led cult to destruction- Palestine, TX
Called himself, Messiah or lamb
Agricultural commune, 140 wives
1993- staged holding event, building went on fire
76 dead, Koresh shot, supposed to come back in 2012
Things in common
Charismatic leaers
Broken homes
Went to bible to meet their needs
UFO Cults
What kind of person attracted to UFO cults:
Dissalusioned by existing religions
Dissatisfied by political establishment
Looking for some sort of strength outside self
Looking for theology for modern world
Want human kind to reach higher level and join intergalactical spiritiual federation, like Jesus and Buddha
Heaven's Gate- marshal Applewhite
Bonnie Nettles changed names to Bo Pee and Ti Do
1975- Oregonian move to Colorado
Believed that Hale Bop would have a space ship that would take them to a higher level
Dressed unisexually- no sex, voluntary castration
Mass suicide used phobarbital and vodka, plastic bag over head
Each person had a role of quarters for a vending machine on ship
Deprogrammers- go in and try to unbrainwash
Terrorism
Kikuyu
Mocked Christian rites, drank blook, cannibalism, isolated
Panga- weapon used to kill- broad bladed machete
If Mau Mau found resistance they would burn village, mutilate cattle
Reaction against colonial supremacy
West Africa(Leopard Men)
Members kill, drink blood, eat flesh
1948- they were controlled, meant to get Europeans out
KKK- Pulski, TN- saw blacks as a threat to freedom
Intimidated jurors
1872- congress passed laws that made kkk go underground
"Birth of a Nation" instilled fear in blacks
1920s Klan membership grows (blacks, Jews, Catholics)
1960s Klan activity came about with desegregation
1970s David Duke- Klan member ran for office
Have since joined Neo- Nazis or Arian Nation
American Indians terrorized
Trail of tears
Radical Groups in the Middle East
Irish workers
Witch-craft= Prichard: belief in magical power innate in certain individuals and exercised by them to hurt others
Sorcery- illegal use of medicines to harm others
Magic- the controlof super natural by means of compulsive formulas
Wicca- Modern witch craft
Traditional- witches were hung up to 100,00
1:3 men to women witches found
Last witch put to death in 1743
Midieval Europe, Africa, Oceania, Amercas
Modern wicca "to shape or bend"
Neo- Pagan
Works with forces of nature
Everything is alive- nature is divine (plant cycles are sacred)
Female or Dual God/dual energy
God looks like those around you- easier to be humane
Religion of converts
Afterlife- reincarnation-matter is never created or destroyed only changes form
Magic is affecting change on environment
Law of three
Samahain- summer's over, honor dead
12 attributes
1. social subversion-wishes to overthrow human society
2. Nocturnal activies
3. Transformation- shape shifters
4. Flight
5. Familiars- animals like snakes
6. Sabbat- witches' community meeting in cemetery or another place associated with the dead, satanic figures present
7. Spread of disease, epidemica, scapegoat
8. Abduction or killing of children
9. Illicit sexual behavior, with animals or good Christian men
10. ritual murder and sacrifice
11. cannibalism/ vampirism
12. Death, eat corpses
Shamans- medical practitioners that receive powers from supernatural forces
Keep witches away- can find witches, anti- witchcraft ritual
Masks to confuse and scare witches
Functions-social control
Deviate from cultural norms- widows, not married, no children, social misfortune or disease
Witches still- James Brian "small scale hunter-gatherer societies don't have witches, product of sedentary society"
Nightmares/terrors
South America-Kui Kuru- lightening struck, burned down buildings
Sought out person who they had quarells with- witch
Killed man, no more lightening
Man did not have kinship ties in village
Encourages one to follow social norms
Monica Hunter Wilson
Tanzania- Nyakusa- East African cattle people
Patrilineal kinship system
No good witches
When a witch dies they find 2 pythons in their body
Pondo- Southern Africa
Kinship band villages
Inherit witchcraft
Shape- shifters
Protection- amulets and medicines
Can attack anyone, can use mail system?
Cannibalism- Anthropology
Alford Packer- caught in blizzard, ate dead
Mortuary cannibalism- eat dead to keep them with you
Gastronomic- eating for food energy (Maori)
Arens- doesn't believe cannibalism exists
Last great Taboo
Religion- the belief in supernatural beings and the attended ways of being and consequences of such beliefs
No known society has no religion
Hard to study very personal- people may think bad things will happen if they talk about it
Fear of criticism from non-believers
Many major religions started as revitalizations
Steady State
period of increased individual stress
period of cultural distortion
prophetic code- a prophet comes forward, someone with charisma, set goal
period of communication- code is spread, promise of salvation and change
stage of organization, bring forth disciples
adaptation, conquer and convert people in society
cultural transformation-controlling portion comes to accept new code
routine- culture changed, movement
steady state
Kinds
Tewa Revolt- 1680
Pueblo Indians started spreading a rumor that they were controlling Sante Fe- psychological warfare
Blocked stream in Sante Fe so Spanish left and went to mexic
o
Ghost Dance
1869- Wodziwob- told in a vision that if people dance the old dancethen ancestors would come back and drive out European people
If it was a failure he said he was tricked by spirits
1889- Woveka- good shaman that had vision to go back to old ways to get rid of whites
He predicted a hail storm so the movement picked up
Massive slaughter put ghost dance to an end
Last try of Plains Indians to survive
Snake ophioloatry (snake worshipping)
India, Palestine
Hopi snake dance occurs once every 2 years to bring rain
Snakes used as a messenger to deities
Put snakes in pots for 8 days of ritual
Then put down snakes and cornmeal
Snake-handling cult-
George Hensley Grasshopper Valley, TN
According to followers, snake is evil, by handling snakes by not getting bitten you have faith in God, if bitten you're a "backslider"
Speak in tongues, languages only they and God can understand
Voodoo/Santeria/Hoodoo
Candles, incence, holy water
Curing sickness, broken bones
Acquire powers
hereditary
apprentice-ship- learn pharmicopia
receive call from supernatural
Evil Eye- found in many parts of world
Eye/ mouth- can strike someone down
Causes psychological stress
May not know who's causing it
Rationalizes misfortunes
Defense
Dutch- black stripes
Irish- charm phrases
Chinese- spit over shoulder
Italians- small horns worn on chain, spit over shoulder
Greek- blue and green eyed people have it
Unibrows might have it
Muslim/Christian- handsome children may draw attention to evil eye
So they point out bad features, don't compliment baby
Play down what you have
Shamans-has received superpower from supernatural forces (Siberian term)
May inherit or apprentice or have knowledge base
Netsilik Eskimo-
pharmacology, great wisdom, good weatherman, game patterns
Trains apprentice by making him fast, go into trance state, turnraq (spirit helper)
If a person is ill, the soul leaves the body and the tunraq goes and gets it
Bad spirit tunraq drives out evil spirit, stabs the ground 20 times
Sucking shamans- hollow bone, suck on ailment (psychosomatic- shows individual problem is better
Divination- art or practice of sealing future events questing after unknown
Ways-
flip a coin
Stick bark into anthill
Intensity of belches
Horoscopes are culture specific
Haruspicy- examining entrails, shaman determines decision
Ornithomancy- flight of birds can determine early spring/winter
Scapulamancy- shoulder blades of animal, study crack pattern
Necromancy- communication with the dead, séance
East Africa Azande - Benge oracle, poison to determine guilt
Gummy red substance with chickens- divine answer
Urban Shamans- Michael Harner
Prepareation for workshop: rattle, comfy outfit, questions, fist sized rock
Look for power in animals, totem animals
Go to lower world
Dance to prepare, try to feel animal presence
Trance state-go to lower world through hole in the ground
Hypnotic drumming
Ask the animal to come back with you- don't bring back bad animals
Form shape of canoe- row boat
Sing chant see same scene, same sound
Pay attention to senses
Roll revearsal, shaman/seeker
Hang out with power animal, question time
Rock divination, sleep with rock
Stages of Conscious Life
Birth, puberty, adulthood, old age/senility
Death is end of consciousness- not breathing, not thinking, very worn out
Christian Science- the product of human belief of life in matter
Life is an expression of energy
Energy exists in many forms
1/3 of life spent sleeping
Altered states of consciousness-
a person's normal, accepted understanding of mind and space is suspended
Vision, hallucinations, ecstacy, trances, prayer, hypnosis, hypnogogic state (falling feeling), drug induced euphoria, drunkenness, drug induced, remote viewing (focus on problem and try to solve it in ASC
Out of body experience- soul leaving body
Near Death experience
5000 years of recorded dreams
Symbolic dreams- things you desire, wish fulfillment
Hebrew-
Gods speak through prophets and dreams
A man is shown in his dreams what he thinks in his hear
t
Chinese believe that you have dual soul
Hippocrates- gods come and tell you what to do in dreams
Shamans- hospitals have started to allow them to come in and help doctor
Dreams reveal something about you psychologically
Plato- our primitive insctincts live in our subconscious, animals don't have dreams
Aristotle- "On Poems" "On Prophecy in Sleep" "Sleeping and Waking"
Romans- dreams are residue of day
Artemidorius of Daldis-first dream interpreter had book with 5 parts
St. Jerome- mistranslated book and likened dreams to divination and thus the devil
St. Thomas Acquanas- getting rid of trash of day, can portray physical condition, temperature
Freud
Manifest-symbols
Latent content-meaning of symbols
Displacement, condensation, symbolism, secondary revision
Aplifications- make you dig into your dreams
Origins for wishes- unfillfilled, suppressed
Free association
Carl Jung-collective unconscious
Worked in insane asylum
We think about same things as ancestors did
Didn't do free association
Fritz Perls- Gestault therapy
Present tense
Amplifications to the extreme ?
Dream Categories
Anxiety
Creative
Episotic
Problem solving, teaching, shared dreams, spiritual dreams
Shuar-jivaro- psycadellic vision of jaguar and snakes
Prior to war or hunting
Common Dreams
Flying-freedom
Teeth falling out-maturation
Naked- unprepared for something
Falling- body relaxing
Arriving late-stressed
Engulfed by waves
Chased by monsters
Going to bathroom
Sex
